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IMMUNIZATION 2022 / MedUrgent

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IMMUNIZATION Definition — Vacca: Latin = Cow — Vaccinia: Cowpox virus — Developed by Dr. Jenner in 1797 — Vaccination= Inoculation with the virus of vaccinia (cowpox) to protect against smallpox Vaccine:  —  A preparation of attenuated (weakened)or killed micro-organism, toxoid or genetically engineered antigenic material administered for the prevention of infectious disease — EPI: Started in 1978 — Universal Immunization Program: Introduced in 1985 — Immunization: The act of rendering immune — Active Immunity: Giving regular doses of vaccine — Passive Immunity: Giving Antibodies Cocooning Strategy of vaccination: — Vaccinating Pregnant ladies, lactating mothers, Sibs, Fathers and Grand Parents (TdaP) Live attenuated Vaccine: — Weakened organism that produces antigenic response without serious infection Killed Vaccine: — Organism is killed or the antigen is inactivated by heat, phenol, formaldehyde or other methods Conjugated vaccine: — Polysaccha...
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Management of Severe Malnutrition / MedUrgent

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   Management of Severe Malnutrition Admission criteria: 1) Children 6-59 months: - Bilateral pitting oedema +++ - Severe wasting with any grade of oedema - Severe malnutrition with any of the following medical complications:   • Anorexia / No appetite • Intractable vomiting  • Convulsions • Lethargy/ Not alert • Unconsciousness • Hypoglycemia • High fever • Hypothermia • Severe dehydration • Lower respiratory tract infection  • Severe anemia  • Skin lesions  2)  Infants <6 months:  - Bilateral pitting oedema - Visible wasting - Inadequate feeding - Weight <4 kg  *Initial Phase:  1- Document:  - The presence of Wasting, Oedema and Dermatosis  - Weight-for-Height/Weight -for-Length - Z-sore (SD/%) 2- Temperature:  (check every 30 min)  - Axillary temp. <35 C, start active worming (Kangaroo position) 3- Hypoglycemia:  - Blood glucose <3 mmol/l -Alert patient:...
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LEPROSY (Hansen's disease) / MedUrgent

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 LEPROSY (Hansen's disease) Armauer Hansen in Bergen (Norway) in 1873 descried Mycobacterium leprae as the first reported bacterial pathogen in humans in a fresh mount of scraping from a leproma of a Norwegian leprosy patient. M.Leprae is an acid-fast bacillus that does not grow on the routine mycobacteriologic media. It multiplies slowly and when killed leads to strong reactions as in tuberculoid leprosy patients while lepromatous patients do not show this reaction. It is the most common communicable disease affecting the peripheral system and the skin world-wide, but now it is mainly confined to the developing world.  Pathogenesis: In Sudan, it is endemic in the South, Nuba Mountains and Central Sudan. The mode of transmission is not uniform and skin-to-skin contact, nasal secretions, breast feeding, flies, sexual intercourse and blood transfusion and prolonged contact by a susceptible subject with a source, as in the case of husband and wife and children are all possible ro...
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